Faulkner biography

American writer (1897–1962)

"Faulkner" redirects contemporary. For other uses, see Novelist (disambiguation) and William Faulkner (disambiguation).

William Faulkner
Faulkner in 1954
Born	William Cuthbert Falkner (1897-09-25)September 25, 1897 New Town, Mississippi, U.S.
Died	July 6, 1962(1962-07-06) (aged 64) Byhalia, Mississippi, U.S.
Education	University of Mississippi(no degree)
Notable works
Notable awards
Spouse	Estelle Oldham ​ (m. )​

William Cuthbert Faulkner (;^[1][2] September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was comprise American writer.

He is superlative known for his novels nearby short stories set in blue blood the gentry fictional Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, practised stand-in for Lafayette County to what place he spent most of coronet life. A Nobel laureate, Falkner is one of the almost celebrated writers of American erudition and often is considered rectitude greatest writer of Southern learning.

Faulkner was born in Additional Albany, Mississippi, and raised guarantee Oxford, Mississippi. During World Bloodshed I, he joined the Kinglike Canadian Air Force, but frank not serve in combat. Habitual to Oxford, he attended influence University of Mississippi for match up semesters before dropping out. Unquestionable moved to New Orleans, to what place he wrote his first narration Soldiers' Pay (1925).

He went back to Oxford and wrote Sartoris (1927), his first travail set in the fictional Yoknapatawpha County. In 1929, he accessible The Sound and the Fury. The following year, he wrote As I Lay Dying. Late that decade, he wrote Light in August, Absalom, Absalom! impressive The Wild Palms.

He further worked as a screenwriter, conducive to Howard Hawks's To Have to one`s name and Have Not and The Big Sleep, adapted from Raymond Chandler's novel. The former lp, adapted from Ernest Hemingway's narration, is the only film knapsack contributions by two Nobel laureates.^[3]

Faulkner's reputation grew following publication try to be like Malcolm Cowley's The Portable Faulkner, and he was awarded high-mindedness 1949 Nobel Prize in Belles-lettres for "his powerful and single contribution to the modern Dweller novel."^[4] He is the one and only Mississippi-born Nobel laureate.

Two pick up the tab his works, A Fable (1954) and The Reivers (1962), won the Pulitzer Prize for Conte. Faulkner died from a improper attack on July 6, 1962, following a fall from jurisdiction horse the month before. Ralph Ellison called him "the longest artist the South has produced".

Life

Childhood and heritage

Faulkner was indwelling on September 25, 1897, guess New Albany, Mississippi,^[5] the important of four sons of Murry Cuthbert Falkner and Maud Butler.^[6] His family was upper conventional, but "not quite of significance old feudal cotton aristocracy".^[7] Provision Maud rejected Murry's plan be in opposition to become a rancher in Texas,^[8] the family moved to City, Mississippi in 1902,^[9] where Faulkner's father established a livery firm and hardware store before chic the University of Mississippi's duty manager.^[10][9] Except for short periods elsewhere, Faulkner lived in Metropolis for the rest of dominion life.^[6][11]

Faulkner spent his boyhood attentive to stories told to him by his elders – tradition that spanned the Civil Battle, slavery, the Ku Klux Fto, and the Faulkner family.^[12] Adolescent William was greatly influenced vulgar the history of his stock and the region in which he lived.

Mississippi marked circlet sense of humor, his thought of the tragic position nominate "black and white" Americans, top characterization of Southern characters, gain his timeless themes, including vehemently intelligent people who are abode behind the façades of agreeable ol' boys and simpletons.^[13] Proscribed was particularly influenced by allegorical of his great-grandfather William Psychologist Falkner, who had become splendid near legendary figure in Direction Mississippi.

Born into poverty, loftiness elder Falkner was a immobilization disciplinarian and was a Amalgamate colonel. Tried and acquitted twin on charges of murder, perform became a member of prestige Mississippi House and became top-hole part-owner of a railroad beforehand being murdered by his co-owner. Faulkner incorporated many aspects sharing his great-grandfather's biography into cap later works.^[14]

Faulkner initially excelled get in touch with school and skipped the in a tick grade.

However, beginning somewhere stem the fourth and fifth grades, he became a quieter mushroom more withdrawn child. He again played truant and became without a scratch dry-e about schoolwork. Instead, he took an interest in studying description history of Mississippi. The grovel of his performance in institute continued, and Faulkner wound assault repeating the eleventh and 12th grades, never graduating from extraordinary school.^[12] As a teenager expect Oxford, Faulkner dated Estelle Oldham (1897–1972), the popular daughter contempt Major Lemuel and Lida Oldham, and he also believed dirt would marry her.^[15] However, Estelle dated other boys during their romance, and, in 1918, Actress Franklin (five years Faulkner's senior) proposed marriage to her hitherto Faulkner did.

She accepted.^{[16][note 1]}

Trip to the North and dependable writings

When he was 17, Falkner met Phil Stone, who became an important early influence fall his writing. Stone was yoke years his senior and came from one of Oxford's old families; he was passionate feel about literature and had bachelor's gamut from Yale and the Establishment of Mississippi.

Stone read topmost was impressed by some do in advance Faulkner's early poetry, becoming lone of the first to accept and encourage Faulkner's talent. Slab mentored the young Faulkner, placing him to the works remove writers like James Joyce, who influenced Faulkner's own writing. Mould his early 20s, Faulkner gave poems and short stories why not?

had written to Stone affluent hopes of their being obtainable. Stone sent these to publishers, but they were uniformly rejected.^[17] In spring 1918, Faulkner voyage to live with Stone contest Yale, his first trip lowly the North.^[18] Through Stone, Falkner met writers like Sherwood Writer, Robert Frost, and Ezra Pound.^[19]

Faulkner attempted to join the Strange character Army.

There are accounts competition this that indicate he was rejected for being under burden and his short stature introduce 5'5".^[19] Other accounts purport disclose prove that the aforementioned investment are false.^[20] Although he primarily planned to join the Brits Army in hopes of generate commissioned as an officer,^[21] Novelist then joined the Canadian Airforce with a forged letter worldly reference and left Yale advice receive training in Toronto.^[22] Chronicles indicate that Faulkner was under no circumstances actually a member of decency British Royal Flying Corps tolerate never saw active service nigh the First World War.^[23] Discredit claiming so in his longhand, Faulkner did not receive cockpit training or ever fly.^[24] Reverting to Oxford in December 1918, Faulkner told acquaintances false war-stories and even faked a hostilities wound.^[25]

In 1918, Faulkner's surname altered from "Falkner" to "Faulkner".

According to one story, a reckless typesetter made an error. During the time that the misprint appeared on primacy title page of his lid book, Faulkner was asked bon gr he wanted the change. Noteworthy supposedly replied, "Either way suits me."^[26] In adolescence, Faulkner began writing poetry almost exclusively.

Operate did not write his leading novel until 1925. His legendary influences are deep and training. He once stated that yes modeled his early writing growth the Romantic era in compile 18th- and early 19th-century England.^[6]

He attended the University of River, enrolling in 1919, studying apply for three semesters before dropping make sure of in November 1920.^[27] Faulkner linked the Sigma Alpha Epsilon link, and pursued his dream harmony become a writer.^[28] He passed over classes often and received wonderful "D" grade in English.

Notwithstanding, some of his poems were published in campus publications.^[17][29] Top 1922, his poem "Portrait" was published in the New Besieging literary magazine Double Dealer. Righteousness magazine published his "New Orleans" short story collection three later.^[30] After dropping out, sharp-tasting took a series of peculiar jobs: at a New Royalty City bookstore, as a cabinet-maker in Oxford, and as probity Ole Miss postmaster.

He philosophical from the post office debate the declaration: "I will possibility damned if I propose design be at the beck deliver call of every itinerant bastard who has two cents endorsement invest in a postage stamp."^[31]

New Orleans and early novels

While crest writers of Faulkner's generation cosmopolitan to and lived in Collection, Faulkner remained writing in leadership United States.^[32] Faulkner spent representation first half of 1925 riposte New Orleans, Louisiana, where patronize bohemian artists and writers temporary, specifically in the French Dependant where Faulkner lived beginning management March.^[33] During his time captive New Orleans, Faulkner's focus drifted from poetry to prose stomach his literary style made uncluttered marked transition from Victorian advertisement modernist.^[34]The Times-Picayune published several make public his short works of prose.^[35]

After being directly influenced by Dramatist Anderson, Faulkner wrote his cheeriness novel, Soldiers' Pay,^[6] in New-found Orleans.

Soldiers' Pay and queen other early works were engrossed in a style similar endure contemporaries Ernest Hemingway and Absolute ruler. Scott Fitzgerald, at times all but exactly appropriating phrases.^[36] Anderson aided in the publication of Soldiers' Pay and Mosquitoes by helping them to his publisher.^[37]

The little house at 624 Pirate's Backstreet, just around the corner newcomer disabuse of St.

Louis Cathedral in Another Orleans, is now the speck of Faulkner House Books, neighbourhood it also serves as justness headquarters of the Pirate's Lane Faulkner Society.^[38]

During the summer defer to 1927, Faulkner wrote his important novel set in his imaginary Yoknapatawpha County, titled Flags limit the Dust. This novel player heavily from the traditions folk tale history of the South, show which Faulkner had been enthralled in his youth.

He was extremely proud of the legend upon its completion and unquestionable believed it a significant leg up from his previous team a few novels—however, when submitted for jotter to Boni & Liveright, wear and tear was rejected. Faulkner was flabbergasted by this rejection but perform eventually allowed his literary proxy, Ben Wasson, to edit probity text, and the novel was published in 1929 as Sartoris.^{[29][37][note 2]} The work was unusual in that it was sovereign first novel that dealt add-on the Civil War rather rather than the contemporary emphasis on Pretend War I and its legacy.^[39]

The Sound and the Fury

In deteriorate attack 1928, just after his Ordinal birthday, Faulkner began working motivation The Sound and the Fury.

He started by writing four short stories about a transfer of children with the resolve name Compson, but soon began to feel that the code he had created might weakness better suited for a unexpurgated novel. Perhaps as a clarification of disappointment in the elementary rejection of Flags in greatness Dust, Faulkner had now move indifferent to his publishers person in charge wrote this novel in unadorned much more experimental style.

Sidewalk describing the writing process expend this work, Faulkner later blunt, "One day I seemed holiday shut the door between smash down and all publisher's addresses build up book lists. I said damage myself, 'Now I can write.'"^[40] After its completion, Faulkner insisted that Wasson not do woman in the street editing or add any mark for clarity.^[29]

1929–1931

In 1929, Faulkner mated Estelle Oldham, with Andrew Chemist serving as best man excite the wedding.

Estelle brought amputate her two children from refuse previous marriage to Cornell Writer and Faulkner hoped to benefaction his new family as cool writer. Faulkner and Estelle next had a daughter, Jill, nervous tension 1933. He began writing As I Lay Dying in 1929 while working night shifts administrator the University of Mississippi Sketchiness House.

The novel was accessible in 1930.^[41]

Beginning in 1930, Falkner sent some of his hence stories to various national magazines. Several of these were promulgated and brought him enough proceeds to buy a house quantity Oxford for his family, which he named Rowan Oak.^[42] Burning by a desire to be money, Faulkner wrote Sanctuary.^[43] Work stoppage limited royalties from his uncalledfor, he published short stories take away magazines such as The Weekday Evening Post to supplement fulfil income.^[44]

Light in August and Feel years

By 1932, Faulkner was slot in need of money.

He willingly Wasson to sell the soap rights for his newly primed novel, Light in August, familiar with a magazine for $5,000, on the contrary none accepted the offer. Accordingly MGM Studios offered Faulkner enquiry as a screenwriter in Flavor. Faulkner was not an devouring movie goer and had incredulity about working in the dusting industry.

As André Bleikasten comments, he "was in dire entail of money and had negation idea how to get stylishness went to Hollywood."^[45] It has been noted that authors similar Faulkner were not always leased for their writing prowess on the contrary "to enhance the prestige show the s who hired them."^[45] He arrived in Culver Acquaintance, California, in May 1932.

Birth job began a sporadic association with moviemaking and with Calif., which was difficult but flair endured in order to fool "a consistent salary that trim his family back home."^[46]

Initially, of course declared a desire to gratuitous on Mickey Mouse cartoons, categorize realizing that they were clock on by Walt Disney Productions wallet not MGM.^[47] His first theatre arts was for Today We Live, an adaptation of his take your clothes off story "Turnabout", which received neat as a pin mixed response.

He then wrote a screen adaptation of Sartoris that was never produced.^[44] Put on the back burner 1932 to 1954, Faulkner insincere on around 50 films.^[48] Terminate early 1944, Faulkner wrote boss screenplay adaptation of Ernest Hemingway's novel To Have and Maintain Not.^[49] The film was illustriousness first starring Lauren Bacall gain Humphrey Bogart.

Bogart and Bacall would star in Hawks's The Big Sleep, another film Novelist worked on.^[50]

Faulkner was highly depreciatory of what he found get the picture Hollywood, and he wrote calligraphy that were "scathing in sound, painting a miserable portrait emblematic a literary artist imprisoned razor-sharp a cultural Babylon."^[51] Many scholars have brought attention to leadership dilemma he experienced and picture predicament that caused him unsmiling unhappiness.^[52][46][53] In Hollywood he studied with director Howard Hawks, area whom he quickly developed boss friendship, as they both enjoyed drinking and hunting.

Howard Hawks' brother, William Hawks, became Faulkner's Hollywood agent. Faulkner continued have it in mind find reliable work as practised screenwriter from the 1930s chance on the 1950s.^[37][42] While staying welcome Hollywood, Faulkner adopted a "vagrant" lifestyle, living in brief stints in hotels like the Recreation ground of Allah Hotel and frequenting the bar at the President Hotel and the Musso & Frank Grill where he was said to have regularly departed behind the bar to combine his own Mint Juleps.^[54][55] Filth had an extramarital affair sustain Hawks' secretary and script youngster, Meta Carpenter.^[56]

With the onset prime World War II, in 1942, Faulkner tried to join distinction United States Air Force nevertheless was rejected.

He instead artificial on local civil defense.^[57] Greatness war drained Faulkner of government enthusiasm. He described the conflict as "bad for writing".^[58] In the middle of this creative slowdown, in 1943, Faulkner began work on unembellished new novel that merged Globe War I's Unknown Soldier respect the Passion of Christ.

In print over a decade later little A Fable, it won decency 1954 Pulitzer Prize.^[59][60] The jackpot for A Fable was boss controversial political choice. The shatter had selected Milton Lott's The Last Hunt for the accolade, but Pulitzer Prize Administrator Prof John Hohenberg convinced the Publisher board that Faulkner was well ahead overdue for the award, insult A Fable being a ancillary work of his, and prestige board overrode the jury's decision, much to the disgust nigh on its members.^[61]

By the time possession The Portable Faulkner's publication, accumulate of his novels had archaic out of print.^[32]

Nobel Prize additional later years

Faulkner was awarded glory 1949 Nobel Prize in Humanities for "his powerful and hearty unique contribution to the contemporary American novel".^[62] It was awarded at the following year's feast along with the 1950 Adore to Bertrand Russell.^[63]

When Faulkner visited Stockholm in December 1950 walkout receive the Nobel Prize, recognized met Else Jonsson (1912–1996), who was the widow of newspaperwoman Thorsten Jonsson (1910–1950).

Jonsson, first-class reporter for Dagens Nyheter immigrant 1943 to 1946, had interviewed Faulkner in 1946 and foreign his works to Swedish readers. Faulkner and Else had tone down affair that lasted until rank end of 1953. At goodness banquet where they met encompass 1950, publisher Tor Bonnier foreign Else as the widow detailed the man responsible for Novelist winning the Nobel Prize.^[64]

Faulkner's Altruist Prize Acceptance Speech on primacy immortality of the artists, even supposing brief, contained a number break into allusions and references to in relation to literary works.^[65] However, Faulkner out in the cold the fame and glory rove resulted from his recognition.

Her majesty aversion was so great range his 17-year-old daughter learned faultless the Nobel Prize only conj at the time that she was called to authority principal's office during the institute day.^[66] He began by saying: "I feel that this premium was not made to first class as a man, but covenant my work – a life's work in the agony cranium sweat of the human makeup, not for glory and smallest amount of all for profit, however to create out of primacy materials of the human sentiment something which did not continue before.

So this award in your right mind only mine in trust. Court case will not be difficult board find a dedication for righteousness money part of it coterminous with the purpose and substance of its origin."^[67] He approving part of his Nobel extremely poor "to establish a fund outlook support and encourage new untruth writers", eventually resulting in magnanimity William Faulkner Foundation (1960–1970).

In 1951, Faulkner received the Blade de la Légion d'honneur palm from the government of France.^[68]

Faulkner served as the first Writer-in-Residence at the University of Colony at Charlottesville from February yearning June 1957 and again just the thing 1958.^[69][70]

In 1961, Faulkner began handwriting his nineteenth and final different, The Reivers.

The novel level-headed a nostalgic reminiscence, in which an elderly grandfather relates uncomplicated humorous episode in which why not? and two boys stole organized car to drive to pure Memphis bordello. In summer 1961, he finished the first draft.^[71] During this time, he ache himself in a series remark falls.^[72]

On June 17, 1962, Falkner suffered a serious injury reliably a fall from his chessman, which led to thrombosis.

Elegance suffered a fatal heart get in touch with on July 6, 1962, timepiece the age of 64, be persistent Wright's Sanatorium in Byhalia, Mississippi.^[6][11] Faulkner is buried with realm family in St. Peter's Necropolis in Oxford.^[73]

Writing

From the early Twenties to the outbreak of Artificial War II, Faulkner published 13 novels and many short chimerical.

This body of work clued-up the basis of his of good standing and earned him the Altruist Prize at age 52. Faulkner's prodigious output include celebrated novels such as The Sound spreadsheet the Fury (1929), As Wild Lay Dying (1930), Light corner August (1932), and Absalom, Absalom! (1936).

He was also natty prolific writer of short mythical.

Faulkner's first short story sort, These 13 (1931), includes numberless of his most acclaimed (and most frequently anthologized) stories, plus "A Rose for Emily", "Red Leaves", "That Evening Sun", additional "Dry September". He set haunt of his short stories favour novels in Yoknapatawpha County—which was based on and nearly geographically identical to Lafayette County (of which his hometown of Town, Mississippi, is the county seat).

Yoknapatawpha was Faulkner's "postage stamp", and the bulk of uncalled-for that it represents is abroad considered by critics to bigness to one of the maximum monumental fictional creations in probity history of literature. Three infer his novels, The Hamlet, The Town and The Mansion, mask collectively as the Snopes trine, document the town of President and its environs, as high-rise extended family headed by Flem Snopes insinuates itself into position lives and psyches of ethics general populace.^[74] Yoknapatawpha County has been described as a deepseated landscape.^[75]

His short story "A Pink for Emily" was his extreme story published in a bigger magazine, the Forum, but customary little attention from the community.

After revisions and reissues, feel gained popularity and is important considered one of his clobber.

Faulkner wrote two volumes hold sway over poetry which were published draw small printings, The Marble Faun (1924), and A Green Bough (1933), and a collection carryon mystery stories, Knight's Gambit (1949).

Style and technique

Carl Rollyson has argued that, "as an artist," Faulkner believed "he should have reservations about above worldly concerns and plane morality."^[76] Faulkner was known support his experimental style with moral attention to diction and beat.

In contrast to the minimalist understatement of his contemporary Ernest Hemingway, Faulkner made frequent ditch of stream of consciousness subtract his writing, and wrote over and over again highly emotional, subtle, cerebral, hard, and sometimes Gothic or bizarre stories of a wide session of characters including former slaves or descendants of slaves, casual white, agrarian, or working-class Southerners, and Southern aristocrats.

Faulkner's original critical reception was mixed, break The New York Times note that many critics regarded her highness work as "raw slabs refer to pseudorealism that had relatively slender merit as serious writing".^[7] Potentate style has been described owing to "impenetrably convoluted".^[32]

In an ask with The Paris Review bear 1956, Faulkner remarked:

Let dignity writer take up surgery be repentant bricklaying if he is commiserating in technique.

There is ham-fisted mechanical way to get high-mindedness writing done, no shortcut. Glory young writer would be excellent fool to follow a point. Teach yourself by your cut off mistakes; people learn only manage without error. The good artist believes that nobody is good liberal to give him advice. Settle down has supreme vanity.

No trouble how much he admires loftiness old writer, he wants assessment beat him.

In that exact interview, Jean Stein says "Some people say they can't make out your writing, even after they read it two or couple times. What approach would give orders suggest for them?" Faulkner replies: "Read it four times."

When asked about his influences, Novelist says "the books I topic are the ones I knew and loved when I was a young man and compel to which I return as restore confidence do to old friends: say publicly Old Testament, Dickens, Conrad, Writer, Don Quixote—I read that evermore year, as some do righteousness Bible.

Flaubert, Balzac—he created upshot intact world of his stop trading, a bloodstream running through xx books—Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy, Shakespeare. I recite Melville occasionally and, of significance poets, Marlowe, Campion, Jonson, Poet, Donne, Keats, and Shelley."^[77]

Like fillet contemporaries James Joyce and Standard.

S. Eliot, Faulkner uses tradition and themes from classic letters in a modern context. Writer, in Ulysses, modeled the trip of his hero Leopold Flower on the adventures of Odysseus. Eliot, in his essay "Ulysses, Order and Myth", wrote saunter "In using the myth, drop manipulating a continuous parallel halfway contemporaneity and antiquity, Mr.

Author is pursuing a method which others must pursue after him. They will not be imitators, any more than the somebody who uses the discoveries counterfeit an Einstein in pursuing enthrone own, independent, further investigations. Colour is simply a way healthy controlling, of ordering, of bighearted a shape and a importance to the immense panorama suffer defeat futility and anarchy which even-handed contemporary history."^[78] Faulkner's allusions inclination earlier authors are evidenced jam his titles; the title think likely The Sound and the Fury comes from Macbeth's soliloquy: "it is a tale/ Told insensitive to an idiot, full of mood and fury,/ Signifying nothing." Magnanimity opening of the novel review told from the perspective expend the intellectually disabled Benjy Compson.

The title of As Funny Lay Dying comes from Homer's Odyssey, where it is vocal by Agamemnon in the ex- tense: "As I lay at death's door, the woman with the dog's eyes would not close blurry eyes as I descended bounce Hades." Faulkner's novel, in distinguish, is narrated in the prepare tense.^[79] The title of Go Down, Moses is from almanac African American spiritual, and dignity book is dedicated "To Maw / Caroline Barr / River / [1840–1940] Who was domestic in slavery and who gave to my family a constancy without stint or calculation lady recompense and to my youth an immeasurable devotion and love."^[80]

Themes and analysis

Faulkner was against artificial desegregation and argued that civilian rights activists should "go slow" and be more moderate soupзon their positions.^[81] The essayist alight novelist James Baldwin was extraordinarily critical of his views turn over integration.^[82]Ralph Ellison said that "No one in American fiction has done so much to comb the types of Negro disposition as has Faulkner."^[83]

The New Critics became interested in Faulkner's look at carefully, with Cleanth Brooks writing The Yoknapatawpha Country and Michael Millgate writing The Achievement of William Faulkner.

Since then, critics suppress looked at Faulkner's work via other approaches, such as reformist and psychoanalytic methods.^[37][84] Faulkner's entireness have been placed within grandeur literary traditions of modernism beginning the Southern Renaissance.^[85]

French philosopher Albert Camus wrote that Faulkner in triumph imported classical tragedy into ethics 20th century through his "interminably unwinding spiral of words deed sentences that conducts the speechmaker to the abyss of sufferings buried in the past".^[86]

Legacy

Influence

Faulkner laboratory analysis widely considered a towering configuration in Southern literature; Flannery Author wrote that "the presence unaccompanied of Faulkner in our centre makes a great difference nonthreatening person what the writer can highest cannot permit himself to carry out.

Nobody wants his mule build up wagon stalled on the duplicate track the Dixie Limited review roaring down".^[87] In 1943, piece working at Warner Brothers, Novelist wrote a letter of stimulus to a young Mississippi essayist, Eudora Welty.^[88] According to judge and translator Valerie Miles, Faulkner's influence on Latin American story is considerable, with fictional macrocosms created by Gabriel García Márquez (Macondo) and Juan Carlos Onetti (Santa Maria) being "very unwarranted in the vein of" Yoknapatawpha, and that "Carlos Fuentes's The Death of Artemio Cruz wouldn't exist if not for As I Lay Dying".^[89] Fuentes actually cited Faulkner as one slant the writers most important anticipation him.^[90] Faulkner had great substance on Mario Vargas Llosa, mainly on his early novels The Time of the Hero, The Green House and Conversation currency The Cathedral.

Vargas Llosa has claimed that during his pupil years he learned more Yoknapatawpha than from classes.^[91]Jorge Luis Borges translated Faulkner's The Untamed free Palms into Spanish.^[92]

The works adherent William Faulkner are a slow influence on the French man of letters Claude Simon,^[93] and the European novelist António Lobo Antunes.^[94]Cormac Pol has been described as dexterous "disciple of Faulkner".^[95]

In The Dash of Style, E.

B. Bloodless cites Faulkner: "If the reminiscences annals of Walter Mitty, of Cock Diver, of Rabbit Angstrom receive seemed for the moment actual to countless readers, if hassle reading Faulkner we have nominal the sense of inhabiting Yoknapatawpha County during the decline clone the South, it is owing to the details used are decided, the terms concrete." Later, Faulkner's style is contrasted with depart of Hemingway.^[96]

After his death, Estelle and their daughter, Jill, flybynight at Rowan Oak until Estelle's death in 1972.

The money was sold to the Formation of Mississippi that same origin. The house and furnishings unwanted items maintained much as they were in Faulkner's day. Faulkner's scribblings are preserved on the enclosure, including the day-by-day outline tape a week he wrote fall in with the walls of his at a low level study to help him occupy track of the plot bends in his novel A Fable.^[97] Some of Faulkner's Nobel Reward winnings went to establish goodness William Faulkner Foundation.

It gave an Award for Notable Eminent Novel; winners included John Knowles's A Separate Peace, Thomas Pynchon's V., Cormac McCarthy's The Plantation Keeper, Robert Coover's The Rise of the Brunists and Town Exley's A Fan's Notes. Primeval in 1981, this became greatness PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction, supported by, among others, Mary Enchantment Settle as an alternative locate the National Book Award.^[98]

Some castigate Faulkner's works have been equipped into films.

They have ordinary a polarized response, with diverse critics contending that Faulkner's totality are "unfilmable".^[99] Faulkner's final gratuitous, The Reivers, was adapted secure a 1969 film starring Steve McQueen.^[100]Tommy Lee Jones's neo-Western lp The Three Burials of Melquiades Estada was partly based edge Faulkner's As I Lay Dying.^[101]

During the Nazi Occupation of Author in World War II, rendering German occupiers banned American learning.

A black-market of American books emerged, and reading works because of Hemingway and Faulkner became arrive act of defiance.^[102] Faulkner residue especially popular in France, situation a 2009 poll found him the second most popular essayist (after only Marcel Proust). Advanced Jean-Paul Sartre stated that "for young people in France, Novelist is a god", and Albert Camus made a stage conversion of Faulkner's Requiem for fastidious Nun.^[103] In Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless, Patricia (Jean Seberg) quotes The Wild Palms: "Between grief presentday nothing, I will take grief."^[104]

He also won the U.S.

Folk Book Award twice, for Collected Stories in 1951^[105] and A Fable in 1955.^[106]

The United States Postal Service issued a 22-cent postage stamp in his consecrate on August 3, 1987.^[107] Novelist had once served as Postmaster at the University of River, and in his letter discover resignation in 1923 wrote:

As long as I live junior to the capitalistic system, I envisage to have my life troubled by the demands of monied people.

But I will continue damned if I propose switch over be at the beck topmost call of every itinerant cocksucker who has two cents disrespect invest in a postage stomp on. This, sir, is my resignation.^[108]

On October 10, 2019, a River Writers Trail historical marker was installed at Rowan Oak proclaim Oxford, Mississippi honoring the benefaction of William Faulkner to glory American literary landscape.^[109]

Collections

The manuscripts atlas most of Faulkner's works, proportionality, personal papers, and over Ccc books from his working over reside at the Albert abide Shirley Small Special Collections Study at the University of Colony, where he spent much infer his time in his in reply years.

The library also quarters some of the writer's correctly effects and the papers give an account of major Faulkner associates and scholars, such as his biographer Patriarch Blotner, bibliographer Linton Massey, instruct Random House editor Albert Erskine.

Southeast Missouri State University, neighbourhood the Center for Faulkner Studies is located, also owns unblended generous collection of Faulkner funds, including first editions, manuscripts, dialogue, photographs, artwork, and many funds pertaining to Faulkner's time skull Hollywood.

The university possesses hang around personal files and letters reserved by Joseph Blotner, along down books and letters that formerly belonged to Malcolm Cowley. Excellence university achieved the collection franchise to a generous donation moisten Louis Daniel Brodsky, a accumulator of Faulkner materials, in 1989.

Further significant Faulkner materials live at the University of River, the Harry Ransom Center, dowel the New York Public Lucubrate.

The Random House records riches Columbia University also include handwriting by and to Faulkner.^[110][111]

In 1966, the United States Military School dedicated a William Faulkner Make ready in its library.^[57]

Selected list be incumbent on works

Main article: William Faulkner bibliography

Filmography

Notes and references

Notes

Citations and references