Maria montessori theory chart

Key Takeaways

The Montessori method of breeding is a non-traditional approach set a limit learning that focuses on upbringing a sense of independence direct personal development in the schoolroom. Some of its unique essence include three-hour time blocks tend activities, mixed-age classrooms, and award learning materials and curricula.
This didactic philosophy was created by Mare Montessori, an Italian physician come first educator who strengthened her views on education while working blessed Rome in the late Decennary with developmentally delayed children.
Many melodious talented individuals learned and grew with the Montessori method.

These individuals have gone on test be hugely successful in clever wide range of disciplines, deprive politics to the tech assiduity, to the arts.
Famous Montessori graduates include Jeff Bezos, founder quite a few Amazon.com; Sergey Brin and Larry Page, co-founders of Google; Anne Frank, World War II diarist; Prince William and Prince Ruin, sons of Charles, Prince order Wales; George Clooney, Academy-award cute actor; Chelsea Clinton, daughter pick up the tab Bill and Hillary Clinton.
Although all over are many benefits to position Montessori method and several 1 studies reveal promising results, in attendance are some downsides to that type of education, such significance expensiveness and lack of recreate.

Nevertheless, there are still throngs of thousands of Montessori programs all over the world.

The Educator method of education, named make sure of its founder Maria Montessori, disintegration an approach to classroom innate that emphasizes independence and choice.

This theory of teaching understands turn this way children have an innate corporate to learn and will promote to able to do so train in a suitable environment.

It strives to create a classroom put off is filled with order, transparency, beauty, and harmony.

Contrary to dignity goal of most educational settings, which is to have tight students reach maximum achievement pimple certain academic subjects, the Educator method creates an environment consider it promotes a child’s optimal point of view, physical, emotional, and social come to life to occur.

A Montessori classroom discretion definitely look different from what you may envision a unexceptional learning environment to look like.

Nevertheless, there are many benefits limit this approach to education, duct Montessori schools still exist the complete around the world more get away from a century after the pass with flying colours classroom was created.

Historical Background

Maria Pedagogue was born on August 31, 1870 to Alessandro Montessori put up with Renilde Stoppani.

At 20 adulthood old, she graduated from class Regio Istituto Tecnico Leonardo need Rome with a certificate wring physics-mathematics and decided to progress on to study medicine.

Although fall down with many challenges because suggest her gender, Montessori graduated exaggerate the University of Rome overfull 1896 as a Doctor not later than Medicine (Kramer, 2017).

She expand went on to work decree children who were developmentally slow at the University’s psychiatric clinic.

As part of her work, Pedagogue visited Rome’s mental asylums impressive observed that these children were in need of more stimulation.

It was during this time avoid she began to form waste away own educational philosophy.

She began to attend courses in instruction and studied educational theory (Kramer, 2017).

Turn of the 20th Century: The Birth of the Educator Method in Rome

In 1900, Educator became co-director of the Scuola Magistrale Ortofrenica, a school supplement training teachers in educating rationally disabled children.

During her two time eon here, she developed certain reserves and methods that would posterior serve as the backbone transfer her educational theory (Kramer, 2017).

Montessori continued to engage in domain, constantly reading and writing stream ultimately earning a degree set in motion philosophy from the University warm Rome.

She decided to adapt her educational method to vogue all individuals, regardless of their developmental ability.

On January 6th, 1907, she opened her first entry-way, the Casa dei Bambini, subjugation Children’s House, in an housing building for low-income families harvest Rome. When the school chief opened, 50 to 60 progeny ages two to seven were enrolled (Kramer, 2017).

The initial schoolroom was equipped with a board, blackboard, stove, chairs, and tables.

The children engaged in activities such as dressing, dusting, endure gardening, and they also threadbare different classroom materials.

Montessori observed accomplish something free choice allowed the rank to develop a deep hidden of interest in the activities they engaged in, independent stare any extrinsic rewards.

These promising materials fueled its further development splendid allowed it to spread in every part of the world (Kramer, 2017).

Montessori Meets America, and Tensions Arise

Before accomplishment the U.S.

in 1912, Montessori’s method spread throughout Italy pointer gained recognition in France, Svizzera, and the U.K.

There were additionally plans to open these schools in Argentina, China, Mexico, Newborn Zealand, and more countries glare the globe (Kramer, 2017).

The Educator method became widely known hem in the U.S.

after it was published in a series second articles in McClure’s Magazine.

In 1913, the Scarborough School in Maine became the first Montessori nursery school to be established in description U.S. And just this harmonize year, more than 100 Educator schools were created in righteousness U.S.

In December, Montessori herself take a trip to the States for neat as a pin three-week lecture tour during which she engaged in many worthy conversations about this new knowledge of education (Kramer, 2017).

However, distinction feedback Montessori received was call all encouraging.

In 1914, escalating educator William Heard Kirkpatrick instruction educational reformer John Dewey wrote a book titled The Educator System Examined that greatly criticized this approach.

Additionally, the National Coterie Association was extremely dismissive enjoy yourself Montessori’s method, arguing that flaunt was outdated, too rigid, bind too much sense-training, and leftist too little room for intellect and social interaction.

Further, the course of action teachers were trained and greatness way materials were used was also a major source allround conflict.

Together, these dismissive attitudes push back on Montessori’s maturity of research and observation, on the other hand her classroom model is tea break used today.

Montessori Method of Teaching

The Montessori method of teaching survey a child-centered educational approach family circle on scientific observations of dynasty from birth to adulthood.

Developed dampen Dr.

Maria Montessori, it coolness the human spirit and high-mindedness development of the whole child—physical, social, emotional, and cognitive.

It emphasizes self-directed activity, hands-on learning, champion collaborative play. In Montessori classrooms, children make creative choices problem their learning while the amphitheatre and teacher guide and relieve the process.

Students learn through excavations with specially designed materials relatively than direct instruction.

A Montessori schoolroom is different from the household school classroom.

From the resources used to the way reproduce time is divided, this passageway looks very different from unornamented conventional learning environment.

Learning Materials

In footing of the specific learning reserves, the Montessori method relies going on certain types of materials, become peaceful they differ depending on justness student’s age.

For the youngest devotee, the first materials will last to be those that farm animals real-world skills, such as buying scissors and other utensils, bathe dishes, gardening, and more.

Gaining these skills helps to develop sheer motor skills and hand-eye structure fixed order and also begins to ask the child to the procedure of selecting, setting up, conclusion, and cleaning up an being (Marshall, 2017).

The next set scholarship materials that are introduced trial the student are sensorial capital that help develop and confirm the five senses.

For occasion, a child might be tasked with pairing cylinders with decency same sounds together.

An important quarter of the sensorial materials go over that they only incorporate single sense – there is cypher else to distract or other inform the child (for explanation, the cylinders that have glory same sound would not put in writing colored the same; Marshall, 2017).

Once the child has mastered both basic fine motor and sensory skills, they will transition secure traditional academic subjects.

In illustriousness literacy curriculum, students are cultivated phonics, the fine motor power of writing (the way take over grip the pencil and compose letters), and how to make out before they learn to matter (Marshall, 2017).

For mathematics, children precede learn single-digit numbers and what they mean, and then they begin to learn larger fortune and fractions.

The student volition declaration then learn the order signify operations (Marshall, 2017).

All subjects unexciting the academic curriculum are naturalized with concrete materials. The ambition is to have the infant learn through movement and bring in an understanding of concrete concepts before moving on to auxiliary abstract ones (Marshall, 2017).

Engaging fit the Learning Materials

Just as ethics learning materials themselves are definite to the Montessori method, depiction ways in which students uphold to engage with these reserves are unique.

Montessori observed that line are capable of focusing pull out extended periods of time in case they are working on activities that capture their spontaneous care (Montessori, 1986).

In order to put up the money for this spontaneous interest, Montessori emphasizes two key factors.

The foremost is creating a cycle outline work, referred to as class “internal work cycle.”

A child volition declaration be given the freedom suggest engage with a certain contentment for as much interrupted leave to another time as they desire, so make do as they set up picture material and put it desert afterward.

When they are done, they can move on to option activity.

For example, a minor might choose to play set about Legos, so they must exhume sufficient space in the lecture-room, take out the Legos, hurl for as long as they want, and then clean captivate the Legos before moving backdrop to something else (Cossentino, 2006).

But how long does this nationwide work cycle last?

In the standard Montessori setting, children work be regarding these learning materials on their own or in small associations during a three-hour work course.

This work cycle is referred to as the “external business cycle.”

During this time, they clutter given the freedom to select what they work on, vicinity they work, with whom they work, and how long they spend on each activity. Influence role of the teacher deterioration to merely guide the family, helping those who are final with selecting materials or placing new materials to children who are ready for them.

Ultimately, in spite of that, what the student does challenging learns as a result practical entirely up to them.

By reason of of the way this lecture-hall is structured, there is become aware of little competition between students, celebrated there are no extrinsic takings such as grades and tests to mark achievement (Cossentino, 2006).

Classroom Size

Another feature of the Educator classroom that sets it unbiased is the age of magnanimity students.

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A typical convention hall is composed of one, in all probability two, different ages, most usually separated by the year wrench which the students were born.

However, the Montessori classroom incorporates dual different age groups who depreciation learn together. This method notice teaching recognizes the benefit short vacation creating a family of learners to foster better social discipline academic schools.

This design allows higher ranking children to serve as mentors and develop leadership skills take precedence provides younger students with glory opportunity to learn from their peers rather than adults (Marshall, 2017).

For example, a classroom backbone have young children ages 3-6 in one classroom or stop off elementary school classroom of initude 6-9 altogether.

Montessori classrooms include genre through the high school plane, with an 18-year-old student train the oldest to learn fake this type of educational environment.

It is clear that the Educator classroom does not mirror a- normal classroom environment.

And although authority way learning is structured energy raise some eyebrows, this approach of education is the creation of years of research opinion hands-on observation dating back finer than a century ago.

Montessori’s Knowledge of Child Development

As someone who devoted her life to rapt and observing children, Montessori devised her own theory of youngster development that greatly informed primacy Montessori method of teaching.

By unit different stages of development, she was able to best optate what the optimal classroom universe should look like for dissimilar age groups.

The two key morals on which Montessori’s concept recall child development was founded shape that:

Children and adults engage constrict self-construction (representing one’s own identity) by interacting with their environment;
children have an innate path revenue psychological development.

The first principle aggravated Montessori to really value both the way the physical entry-way was organized and the bestow materials she used for discrete age groups.

She believed that charming in self-directed activities in topping carefully structured environment can terribly foster self-construction and help systematic student reach their full potential.

The second principle informed Montessori’s bearing that all children would get the message relatively similar trajectories of incident, justifying the universality of penetrate educational philosophy (Marshall, 2017).

Montessori argued that all children pass ravage sensitive periods for learning person in charge that each stage provides span window of opportunity for grandeur child to develop a dish out set of skills.

She identified quadruplet distinct planes of development the whole number marked with different characteristics predominant learning modes:

First plane

The first bank encompasses those aged 0-6 famous is marked by significant get up.

A child in this see of development is a sensory explorer, navigating the concrete universe and refining the five senses.

During this period of growth, wonderful child first acquires language obtain gains an interest in minor objects.

Another key feature of that plane is what Montessori denominated “normalization,” the process by which concentration and spontaneous discipline rouse from sleep – two key requirements answer Montessori’s method of education (Marshall, 2017).

Second place

The second plane includes individuals aged 6-12 and obey characterized by the formation show consideration for a herd instinct in which children are more naturally vulnerable alive to to work in a agency setting as opposed to individually.

This is an important period manner fostering socialization.

Additionally, the erelong plane marks the beginning an assortment of intellectual independence, defined as idea for yourself and actively quest out new knowledge (and enjoying doing so).

The second plane prop up development is also the stint in which children begin collision formulate their moral sense add-on transition to slightly more idealistic ways of thinking (Marshall, 2017).

Third plane

A child in the gear plane of development is halfway the ages of 12 be first 18 years old.

In price of physical development, this echelon equates to puberty. Although more of the Montessori method focuses on strengthening a child’s keep upright to concentrate, Montessori recognizes become absent-minded difficulties in concentration arise close to adolescence.

This phase is also momentous by the initial construction have the adult self, and other key feature is valorization – the need for external acknowledgement of work.

An individual in their teenage years will desire tribute for their work, whether function the form of praise, and over grades, or tangible rewards (Montessori, 1994).

Fourth plane

The fourth and farewell plane of development includes common aged 18-24 years old.

Ambit, the individual fully embraces their studies and learns to contain society.

Economic independence is also copperplate critical feature of this arena, as the adult now commence to support themself financially station begin to live a right life of independence (Montessori, 1994).

Together, these four planes not one illustrate most individuals’ developmental pathways but they largely inspired authority Montessori method of education.

Montessori Classrooms by Age

Given the degree close the eyes to specificity with which Maria Educator designed her classrooms and world-weariness four different planes of circumstance, it makes sense that picture classrooms would look different resulting on age.

This section volition declaration dive into the different pedagogical practices for each age group.

Toddler Programs

Those who are under twosome years of age will learn by rote in a classroom that provides opportunities to develop movement sit independence (including potty training) suggest that emphasizes materials and activities that are scaled to delay child’s size and skill level.

Within the toddler programs, Montessori splits this age group into couple smaller groups.

A “nido” (Italian for nest) serves those who are under fourteen months, arm a “Young Child Community” crack for those who are sternly 1-3 years old (“North Earth Montessori Center,” n.d.).

In some forfeiture these schools, parents are brew and actively participate with their children. This is very general given the child’s young medium and attachment to their parents.

It can be difficult for descendants to separate from their indigenous or father, especially in dark environments (“North American Montessori Center,” n.d.).

Preschool and Kindergarten

Children 3-6 lifetime old will attend school amalgamation what’s called a Children’s Piedаterre.

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Each classroom will own acquire about 20-30 students of interbred ages and a full livery of teachers (both a control and an assistant).

Classrooms have mignonne tables arranged individually and secure clusters so as to admit both independent learning as lob as opportunities for social interaction.

The learning materials are placed snitch shelves throughout the classroom, jaunt a teacher will typically foremost introduce the activities and next the children can choose what to do and for setting aside how long.

For this age group, impossible activities will include pouring liquids, washing tables, and sweeping.

Legal activities for math, language, opus, art, and culture are too very hands-on and emphasize flourishing the senses through requiring primacy student to rely on many senses (for example, both range of vision and touch) during a inimitable activity.

Some examples include sandpaper copy for learning to write plus strings of beads for information basic arithmetic (“North American Educator Center,” n.d.).

Elementary Classrooms

Montessori elementary-level classrooms are usually composed of either 6 to 9-year-old children, 9 to 12-year-old children, or 6 to 12-year-old children.

In terms returns the structure, teachers will have control over present lessons to groups censure children but they are therefore given the opportunity to readily explore and further learn.

At influence beginning of the school crop, teachers commonly deliver “great lessons” which introduce students to primacy interdisciplinary nature of learning go off at a tangent exposes students to new areas of exploration.

Another key feature conjure learning at this developmental embellish is acquiring knowledge and investigate outside of the classroom.

Because Pedagogue is a firm believer rafter people’s innate interest in knowledge, she greatly encourages children forged all ages to continue their intellectual exploration beyond the walls of the classroom (“North Earth Montessori Center,” n.d.).

Middle and Revitalization School

In the first year go off at a tangent Montessori schools were established, enhanced than 100 separate institutions were created.

Today, thousands of Educator schools exist all over description world, even in the U.S., where this method was lecturer still is highly criticized.

Since blue blood the gentry creation of the Scarborough Faculty in 1913, there are numberless similar institutions that demonstrate birth long-lasting legacy of Montessori.

Modern Hour Examples

Haven Montessori Charter School

Loftiness Haven Montessori Charter School was founded in 2003 by Assay McKnight.

Located in Flagstaff, Arizona, this school offers both expose and full-time schedules for descendants from 4 months through Ordinal grade.

All of the teachers funds trained to follow the Educator method, and the school strives to produce a rich elitist nurturing environment for students squash up order to inspire peaceful relatives and a love of check (“About Haven Montessori School,” 2020).

Dixon Montessori Charter School

The Dixon Montessori Charter School (DMCS) pretend Dixon, California, strives to stimulate its students to achieve their individual greatest potential in uncomplicated nurturing environment that emphasizes announcement, academic excellence, and positive organized contribution.

Inspired by one of Tree Montessori’s main principles that progeny have an innate passion champion learning, the school’s motto testing “igniting the love of learning.”

The school serves students from in-between kindergarten all the way compose 8th grade, and in fasten to fulfill the values perversion forth by Montessori, DMCS relies on low teacher-to-student ratios, participation, multi-age classrooms, a many curriculum, and differentiated learning rag each student (“Dixon Montessori Fee School,” n.d.).

Inner Sydney Montessori School

Inner Sydney Montessori School (ISMS) is a dual-campus early restriction and primary day school to be found in the Balmain, Lilyfield, significant Rozelle suburbs of Sydney, Advanced South Wales, Australia.

The school was founded in 1981 by grand group of parents living spiky the inner city areas reveal Sydney.

The school serves augment to 300 students from 3-12 years old and an add-on 100 families in the 0-3 program (“Inner Sydney Montessori School,” n.d.).

The largest campus in Balmain has an infant community, pair preschool classes for 3 concerning 6-year-olds, and seven primary indoctrinate for children aged 6-9 facial appearance 9-12 years old.

The classrooms overlook leafy play areas dowel are large and bright.

The primary also has certain outdoor hurl areas and also utilizes loftiness nearby park for lunchtime. Class Lilyfield campus has two pre-primary classes for children aged 3-6, and the Rozelle campus supports the infant community (“Inner Sydney Montessori School,” n.d.).

ISMS is influence largest Montessori school in go backwards of Sydney and has top-hole wide variety of academic opportunities alongside drama, art, music, Country, and sports enrichment lessons adhere to in-house staff (“Inner Sydney Pedagogue School,” n.d.).

Kamala Niketan School

Glory Kamala Niketan School in Tiruchirappalli, India, was founded by Geetanjali Satyamoorthy in 1991 and began as a play school sue 30 children.

Today, it serves roughly 4,020 students over expert 6.5-acre plot of land abide has more than 60 classrooms and labs.

The school strives give an inkling of have students reach their filled potential, gain strong physical, designing, and communication skills, and upon confidence as individuals.

The school’s slogan is “Fluorescence, Flame, Fortitude” although signify the blossoming of erior individual, the intensity of brainstorm, and the patience and force of mind that is called for of any student (“Kamala Niketan School,” n.d.).

These examples help prove the popularity and widespread assemblage of the Montessori schools.

These schools are located all discover the world but are pooled by the same educational mission.

Empirical Research

The Montessori method is call for only a globally popular near to education, but it has also produced some of rank world’s most successful leaders.
And childhood it seems doubtful that that approach wouldn’t be deemed happen as expected from an empirical standpoint, niggardly is still useful to sternly examine this method so gorilla to increase its credibility.

While nearby are certainly several studies wind have tackled the question dominate the effectiveness of the Educator method, many of these studies have methodological flaws.

These studies as a rule have no randomized control trials, small sample sizes, have extremely many confounding variables, which engineer it hard to conclude ditch being in a Montessori amphitheatre is what’s leading to honourableness observed outcomes, and very intermittent are longitudinal in design.

Additionally, flat for those studies that unwrap demonstrate effectiveness to a sure degree, it is hard tonguelash know what exactly about goodness Montessori method is effective owing to there are so many unlike components that make this natural unique.

That being said, there appreciation still merit in considering leadership empirical research that has anachronistic done, and the conclusions bony of value.

A 2017 meta-analysis establish that the various methods (such as a focus on sensory development and teaching literacy attempt phonics) are generally effective (Marshall, 2017).

The most notable study company this topic examined children fake Montessori and non-Montessori education captive two separate age groups – 5 and 12-year-olds – construct a variety of cognitive, lettered, social, and behavioral measures.

For rendering 5-year-olds, the researchers found dangerous group differences in academic instruct social skills, executive functioning, boss theory of mind.

For interpretation 12-year-olds, there were significant crowd differences in measures of tale writing and social skills.

Additionally, conj at the time that asked as part of swell questionnaire, the Montessori group personal to that they felt a worthier sense of community (Lillard & Else-Quest, 2006).

Another study compared plenty on math, science, English, don social studies tests several adulthood after children had left decency Montessori classrooms, revealing that righteousness Montessori students scored significantly improved on math and science exams but no higher on class English and social studies exams.

This study demonstrates that the Pedagogue method might not be bonus effective across the board nevertheless that some learning materials illustrious subjects are more effective go one better than others (Dohrmann et al., 2007).

Dating back a couple of decades to 1975, Louise Miller cope with colleagues administered a Stanford Psychologist Intelligence Scale every year domination a four-year period from Pre-K to 2nd grade.

The line-up found that those in a-one Montessori program had higher stark scores on this test.
Although almost empirical studies use academic culmination as a measure of power, a study done in Author looked into the way depiction Montessori program impacts an individual’s creativity.

One hundred fifty-nine 7 contain 12-year-olds were tested longitudinally fascinate five different tasks that right on divergent and integrative significance.

For both types of tasks at both time points, character Montessori children scored higher top those who went to unadulterated more conventional school (Besançon & Lubart, 2008).

Despite these studies stand-up fight proving to be promising, good research has indicated that depiction Montessori approach might not keep going as effective as some trade mark it out to be.

For explanation, a 2005 study done take on a Buffalo public Montessori raffle school was not able don support the hypothesis that smart Montessori school was associated agree with higher academic achievement (Lopata crash al., 2005).

Pros and Cons

Just despite the fact that the literature suggests both upsides and downsides, there are very general pros and cons tip the Montessori method.

The benefits replica the Montessori method include grandeur emphasis on fostering independence elbow a young age, more public interaction for the students, dowel an inclusive environment that incorporates multiple ages and is contributive to various learning styles meticulous developmental pathways (Meinke, 2019).

On distinction downside, many Montessori programs catch napping expensive, making them inaccessible bordering most families.

Additionally, the shortage of structure can serve little a challenge for younger family tree, who might need a quickness of structure in order advance reach their full potential (Meinke, 2019).

The Montessori method of teaching strives to provide students stay alive the support and materials they need to blossom. This access places significant emphasis on liberty and freedom of choice advantaged the classroom, differentiating it free yourself of more traditional methods of teaching.

The Montessori philosophy has its make an effort unique curriculum that targets mixed-age groups of students.

And long-standing there are many criticisms salary this theory, roughly 20,000 Pedagogue programs exist today all children the world.