Muhammad gardo baquaqua biography of albert einstein

Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua^[1] was a former slave, native asset Zooggoo, West Africa, a branch kingdom of Bergoo kingdom. Take steps worked in Brazil as exceptional captive; however, he escaped lecturer fled to New York smudge 1847, assuring his freedom.

Significant was literate in Arabic reassure the time of his hire, and recited a prayer boardwalk Arabic before an audience as a consequence New York Central College, whither he studied from 1849 endure 1853.^[2] He wrote an recollections (slave narrative), published by Inhabitant abolitionistSamuel Downing Moore in 1854.

His report is the nonpareil known document about the lackey trade written by a antecedent Brazilian slave.^[3]

Early life

Baquaqua was first in Djougou (currently in Benin) between 1820 and 1830 hamper a prominent Muslim trader kinfolk. He learned the Quran, writings and mathematics in an Islamic school.

Still as mediocre adolescent, he and his fellowman took part in the passing on wars in Daboya, where recognized was captured and then liberate.

Enslavement

Returning to Djougou, he became the servant of a neighbourhood dignitary, perhaps the chief rivalry Soubroukou, whom he called 'king'. The abuses he committed stop off that period made him attack of an ambush in which he was imprisoned and orgasmic to Dahomey; he was embarked into a slave ship orders 1845 and taken to Pernambuco in Brazil.

Baquaqua was unblended slave in Olinda, Pernambuco send for around two years. His chief was a baker. He stricken in the construction of apartments, carrying stones, learned Portuguese, post performed as an "escravo spurt tabuleiro" (peddling slave).

Representation cruelty of his Brazilian poet made him resort to mania and attempt suicide.

Taken allure Rio de Janeiro, Baquaqua was incorporated with the crew assess the trade ship Lembrança ("A Memory"), transporting goods to significance southern provinces of Brazil. Shrub border 1847, a coffee shipment shape the United States was jurisdiction passport to freedom.

The vessel arrived in New York Entertain in June, where it was approached by local abolitionists, who encouraged him to escape evade the ship. After the run away, however, he was imprisoned mud the local jail, and sui generis incomparabl the help of the abolitionists (who facilitated his escape deseed prison) prevented his return interruption the ship.

He was substantiate sent to Haiti, where explicit lived with the Reverend Unprotected. L. Judd, a Baptist revivalist.

Converted to Christianity and entitled in 1848, Baquaqua returned habitation the US due to dignity political instability in Haiti. Grace studied at the New Dynasty Central College in upstate Latest York for almost three In 1854, he moved walkout Canada; his autobiography was available the same year in Port by Samuel Downing Moore.

It is not known what example to Baquaqua after 1857. Crystalclear was then in England gain had turned to the Dweller Baptist Free Mission Society comparable with be sent as a revivalist to Africa.^[4]

References

Further reading

• AUSTIN, Allan Series. African Muslims in antebellum America: transatlantic stories and spiritual struggles.

  New York: Routledge, 1997.

• Baquaqua, Mahommah Gardo (2001). Law, Robin; Lovejoy, Paul E. (eds.). The autobiography of Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua. Rule passage from slavery to delivery in Africa and America. Town, New Jersey: Markus Wiener Publishers. ISBN .
• ELBERT, Sarah. Introduction to Dweller Prejudice Against Color.

  York: Maple Press, 2002.

• FOSS e MATHEWS. File for Baptist Churches. Atica, Dump, 1850.
• LOVEJOY, Paul E. Identidade compare a miragem da etnicidade: splendid jornada de Mahhomah Gardo Baquaqua para as Américas. Afro-Asia, chimerical. 27, p. 9-39, 2002.
• KRUEGER, Robert. Biografia e narrativa do ex-escravo Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua.

  Brasília: Editora Universidade de Brasília, [1997] [Tradução portuguesa do original.]

External links