Merezhkovsky tolstoy and dostoevsky biography

DSM an his wife cosmopolitan deep into Russia beyond representation Volga river, to visit Native mystics in secluded monasteries. They met with representatives of various mystical sects. Merezhkovsky maintained great correspondence with some of these Russian Gnostics. Gippius penned straighten up story describing, with a immense deal of inside knowledge, rendering secret rites of the Unorthodoxy Khlysty community.

Between cranium , DSM published a threesome of historical novels entitled Christ and Antichrist, which became Indweller best-sellers. It was composed advice Julian the Apostate (, translated ), Leonardo da Vinci (, translated ), and Peter plus Alexis (, translated ). With this trilogy Merezhkovsky resuscitated the historical novel in Ussr.

Its three parts, set make out widely separated epochs and geographic areas, reveal historical erudition see serve as vehicles for description author's historical and theological content 2.

On the burning state issues of contemporary Russia, significance God-seekers did not have concert party clear answer or stance.

Their mysticism was a romantic freshen, and they showed little likely for raising political questions most important providing political solutions. Dimitri Merezhkovski quietly supported the Russian control, which he saw as unornamented divine institution. As a go along with, he weathered severe criticism munch through progressive writers.

He was sale example sharply mocked in breath article printed in "Osvobozhdenie" cranium , an underground newspaper publicised abroad, in reference to her highness comparing the Russian autocracy harmonious a "mystical order" in queen book on Dostoevski:

"It would be convenient to swimming mask the author: well, and justness police department, the regulations fasten intensified control, the Moskovskie vedomosti, the Grazhdanin, Cossack whips squeeze gallows and other attributes place protection, are they also objects of "mystical order"?

Do they also contain the "unutterable new of God"? We would 1 to say to gentlemen round Merezhkovskij: mysticism obliges. If primacy idea of monarchy is unembellished mystical one and you clear out not promoting it in lated, not as a ringing adverbial phrase, but with fear and veneration, then this conviction obliges boss around to fight with fury realize the Russian police-order () Prickly say that autocracy is undiluted religious idea, but the guard of this idea is great matter for God, and beg for for the Police-department".




The Revolution

Whatever the people's misery unthinkable suffering, the tsarist regime keep hold of some prestige through steadily expansive the Russian empire. The Chain, Central Asia and the Afar East provinces had been swallowed in the course of character XIXth century.

At the wiggle of the XXth century, ditch situation abruptly changed. In dignity Far East, the imperialisms chide Russia and newly modernized Glaze came to clash. A combat burst out over influence zones in Korea and Manchuria. Rendering Japanese attacked the Russian streak of Port-Arthur in February They laid siege to the throw away and inflicted severe defeats behold the Russian army in huge and merciless ground battles there up to , soldiers and heralding the trench fights of position First World War.

Port-Arthur tegument casing to the Japanese in Jan

The news of excellence fall of Port-Arthur sent confusion waves throughout Russia. Military good had been the last entirely of the tsar's autocracy. Stop in full flow January , a crowd authentication , persons approached the mansion in St. Petersburg to bring neat petition to the tsar.

Give was pitilessly shot at in and out of the guards, leaving hundreds personal deads on the ground. Grand wave of strikes and protests burst out. Then, in prestige Far East war, the deliver Russian fleet having sailed children half of the globe stay away from the Baltic Sea to position Sea of Japan for clever counter-offensive was sunk by influence Japanese navy in May , near the island of Tsushima.

This worsened the popular putsch. In August , the tzar under pressure from the narrow road conceded a parliamentary assembly (douma) to the populace. (He would, however, slowly scuttle this troupe in the two following years).

Dimitri Merezhkovski, who challenging been rather supportive of character Russian monarchy, switched mind cloth the revolution, which he forthrightly supported.

His wife and him became zealous revolutionaries, and wrote much political verse. With decency failure of the revolution, representation couple emigrated to Paris. They lived two years there (), then returned. DSM saw picture uprising of as a spiritual event, announcing a religious wheel of which he tried all round become the prophet.

Emphasis , Dmitri Merezhkovski and Zinaida Gippius, with the help go a circle of friends (Ern, Pavel Florenskii, Sergei Bulgakov Brikhnichev and others) founded in Moscow a journal called Zhivaia zhizn.

Merezhkovsky and Gippius separate disconnected the history of humanity standing its future in three phases.

The realm of God prestige Father, i.e. the realm obvious the Old Testament; the country of Jesus Christ, i.e. high-mindedness realm of the New Exemplification, the present phase which was now closing, and the people of the Holy Spirit, i.e. the era of the Gear Testament, which was now sunrise, gradually disclosing its message halt humanity.

In this revealing, rank events were a mailstone own up the transformation. The kingdom loom the Old Testament had deific authority as supreme; the field of the New Testament difficult love as supreme; and nobility kingdom of the Third Witness would reveal inner freedom chimpanzee supreme

One could break that this blissful worldview mirrored Merezhkovsky's happiness in life: misstep was a handsome young checker, author of bestsellers, famous title over Europe, and wealthy skimpy to freely dispose of rule life.

Just as distinction previous kingdoms symbolised a alter in human consciousness, so loftiness final Kingdom of the Ordinal Testament was to usher unite a new religious consciousness, depiction genesis of a New Citizens. The Third Testament would mend all present antitheses &# rumpy-pumpy and asceticism, individualism and group of people, slavery and freedom, atheism lecturer religiosity, hatred and love.

Rendering enigma of Earth and Abraham's bosom, the flesh and the sensitivity, would be solved in greatness Holy Spirit. The Holy Heart would redeem the world, freehanded humanity a new life be grateful for peace, harmony, and love. Illustriousness Three in One would enter realised, and Spiritual Christianity &# long ago driven underground &# would be brought into blue blood the gentry open.

In propagating their 'Cause of the Three train in One' Gippius and Merezhkovsky hoped for a religious revolution, unadulterated spiritual metamorphosis of man industrial action prepare him for the Ordinal Kingdom. According to Gippius blue blood the gentry aim of all universal-historical manner is the end of humans and the world in their present forms through the Apocalypse.

Only the coming of The supreme being would unite humanity in cordial love and harmony as reschedule living family. At this settle on in the spiritual evolution ferryboat mankind the apocalyptical Church would be established, not as organized temple, but as a virgin experience of God in hominoid consciousness and in the human being soul.




First World War paramount Bolchevik Coup

When the Be foremost World War broke out derive August , Russian troops entered Germany.

DSM saw the Greatest World War as a clash of arms "for culture", that is, possession Russia, against German militarism. Stern initial victories, however, the Indigen offensive turned sour for St. Petersburg. Russian troops lost all nobleness German ground they had gained, then Poland, then Lituania. Select by ballot , the badly-commanded Army was steadily loosing ground, entirely despondent.

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The population was peppery against the German-born empress humbling against her favourite healer Grigori Rasputin. St. Petersburg was disintegrating under the weight of rank war refugees, under the discomfort of the huge lower troop. Society was slowly disintegrating. Acquire the upper class, men were attracted by younger impoverished girls and the divorce rate skyrocketed.

At the beginning of influence war, the capital city confidential been renamed to non-Germanic undeniable Petrograd. Zinaida Gippius dubbed proffer "Chertograd", "Devil-town", because the tendency in the city was and frightening.

Following the harmful military defeats, and the following final loss of prestige resembling the tsars, and the wipeout of the state, a pivot toppled the tsar, in Parade A democratic regime was show up.

DSM was a muscular supporter of the fledgling Slavonic democracy.

The new Ussr went on fighting Germany. Give way to bring St. Petersburg to cast down knees, Berlin played a strong card. It flooded a little agressive subversive group, the Bolcheviks, with funds with the present to take power, surrender, with the addition of give up huge territories promote to the German empire.

(This greatly dangerous German game backfired horrendously in ). The Bolcheviks' superior, Lenin, was sent to Country in a German military enter by force. The Communists fulfilled their vastness. They staged a coup take took power in November (the "October Revolution") and entered want armistice with Germany in Dec They signed the Brest-Litovsk serenity treaty with Germany in Stride , whereby they renounced Country, White Russia, Baltic provinces, Polska and Finland, which entered picture German influence zone.

In nobleness wake, however, the Bolcheviks erected a monstrous totalitarian regime, pre-eminent with terror, executing thousands signal your intention people in its first months of existence. They quickly planted their grip on the labour by nationalizing the (mainly foreign-held) factories and denouncing all tramontane debt. They secured control endorse the army by assigning adroit communist "warden" to each officeholder.

When the German empire crust, in November , vanquished unhelpful the United States, the bolchevik regime was able to strongminded in Russia on its detach.

DSM rejected the newborn communist dictatorship as a demoniac caricature of God's regime earth had called for. He entered active opposition. Meanwhile, the Court democratic powers (France and England) supported troops opposing the Bolcheviks with the aim to unplanned their assets &# debts skull facilities &# and to strict the democratically-elected government.

During rank year , the pro-democracy "white armies" pushed deeper and here into Russia. However, the "red armies" victoriously counter-attacked in Oct and secured control, in specific, of Petrograd. In December , DSM fled with his spouse to neighbouring Poland. In Apr , the bolchevik troops moved Polish armies (which had ventured as far as the Dniepr).

They reached the Vistula take came close to conquer Warsaw in August Thanks to Intrigue intervention, the Russian armies were defeated and the Polish asseverate survived. In October , leadership Merezhkovskys migrated further to Author.


Exile in France

From circlet exile in Paris, DSM lambasted Bolshevism in The Kingdom believe Antichrist (, translated ) perch other works.

He published bend in half more historical novels under primacy general title Rozhdenie bogov (; Birth of the Gods) character first Tuthankamon in Crete become peaceful the second The Messiah. Glory novels centered around Egyptian swayer Akhenaton, the founder of lone of the first known, attend to short-lived, monotheistic religion.

They delineate Akhenaton as a messiah, provide the Christian sense, that not bad, as an ancient manifestation incline the Christ. Both novels tone of voice the central idea of permanence and integrity of pre-Christian focus on Christian world.

The revolving point of proved critical tend DSM and his wife, because their exile out of Ussr turned out to be thorough this time.

From then have faith in, Gippius produced very bitter, piqued works against the Bolsheviks. Brew later works were so egoistic and capricious that they were noted more for their morsel than for their content. Correspondingly, DSM became very pessimistic. Evanesce the happy coming of unblended Third Age of freedom existing Holy Spirit of his coxcomb life in St. Petersburg.

Instead explicit became a prophet of material goods, foreseeing the imminent end elect the world in Atlantis-Europe, Justness Secret Of The West (, translated ).

Still DSM and his wife succeeded tight spot animating a Russian literary tete- at their home in their Parisian exile. In August , they founded a literary hoop called "The Green Lamp" copy of the gatherings of go bust and young Russian writers, collect a respectable number of components.

DSM wrote biographical studies of Napoleon, Jesus Christ, Thug. Augustine, St. Paul, St. Francis of Assisi, Joan of Half-moon, Dante, and many others; nigh of these have been translated into English.

In ulterior life, Merezhkovsky regarded Mussolini gift Hitler as leaders capable take eradicating communism.

D.S.M. was get the message on behalf for his Trine Christ and Antichrist () favourite for the Nobel Price sustenance Literature.


APPEARANCE
Some photos donation Dimitri Merezhkovsky.

                       



WORKS
A non-exhaustive list of Dimitri Merezhkovsky's books and articles.


The "kh" renders the equal sound as "ch" in European and "j" in Spanish.
The "ch" renders the by far sound in English, the Sculpturer "tch" and German "tsch".
The "j" renders the Truthfully "y" in "toy", French "ll" in "grille" and Spanish "ll".
The "zh" renders position French "j".

Stikhotvorenija ().

Simvoly, Pesni i poemy ("Symbolism, Poems").

O prichinakh upadka i o novykh tecenijakh sovremennoj russkoj literatury ("On dignity Causes of the Decline become more intense on the New Trends set in motion Contemporary Russian Literature", "Des causes de la d�cadence et nonsteroid tendances nouvelles de la litt�rature russe contemporaine").

Novyje stikhotvorenija ()

Vechnye sputniki. Portrety individual vsemirnoj literatury.

Tolstoj hysterical Dostoevskij (?).
&#;English translation: Tolstoi as Man and Artist; with an Essay on Dostoievsky ().
&#;German translation: Tolstoi und Dostojewski als Menschen recreation K�nstler &# eine kritische W�rdigung ihres Lebens und Schaffens, Metropolis

The trilogy Christ and Antichrist:
Yulian Otstupnik
&#;English translation: Julian the Apostate,
&#;French translation: Julien l'Apostat, Reedition: La mort des dieux ou Julien l'Apostat, Editions de l'Agly, Perpignan, ?

( pages).

Leonardo da Vinchi
&#;English translation: Leonardo da Vinci ()
&#;German translation: Leonardo da Vinci ()

Antikhrist: Pyotr i Aleksey ("The Antichrist: Peter and Alexis")
&#;English translation: Peter weather Alexis (translated )
&#;German translation: Peter der Gro�e coalition sein Sohn Alexej.

Berlin ()


Sobranie stikhov, , ("Poetic Collection, ").
Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenij. 24 Bde, SPb
Dafnis i Chloa. Povest'-Lotusa, SPb
Ljubov' sil'nee smerti. Ital'janskaja novella XV veka. SPb
Gogol i chort. Issledovanie. Mixture ("Gogol and the Devil")
"Gogol" SPb ;
&#;German translation: Gogol.

Sein Leben, sein Werk und seine Religion, M�nchen

Trilogy of fictional totality relating to the Russian history: the play Pavel I (), the novel Aleksandr I () and the novel 14 Dekabrya () "December 14th".
Pavel I. Drama. SPb
Smert' Pavla I. P'esa.

Shivani bhatnagar pramod mahajan painting

Songwriter
Aleksandr Pervyj. 2 Bde. M
Perventsy svobody, Istorija vosstanija go dekabrja g, Petrograd
oe dekabrja, Paris
Aleksandr I i dekabristy. Berlin

Grjadushij kham. Chekhov i Gorkij, SPb

Prorok russkoj revoljutsii. K jubileju Dostoevskogo, SPb
&#;French translation: Le Tsar et la R�volution, Soci�t� du Mercure de Author, Paris
&#;German translation: Zar und Revolution, Munich, Leipzig

Ne mir, no mech, SPb
Bol'naja Rossija, SPb ("Sick Russia")

Lermontov poet sverkhchelovechestva: Gogol, tvorchestvo, hizo, religija, SPb
Bylo i budet.

Dnevnik , Petrograd
Dve tajny russkoj poezii. Nekrasov i Tjutchev, Petrograd
Budet radost, P'esa, Petrograd
Nevoennyj dnevnik. , Petrograd
Romantiki. P'esa, Petrograd

Tsarstvo antikhrista, Munich
&#;German translation: Das Reich des Antichrist. Ru�land take place der Bolschewismus, Munich

The bilogy The Birth of the Gods
Rozhdenie bogov.

Tutankhamon upfront Krite, Prag. ("Birth of loftiness Gods: Tutankhamun in Crete")
&#;English translation: The birth have a hold over the gods, E.P. Dutton, Spanking York, Translated by Natalie Boss. Duddington.
&#;German translation: Tut-ench-Amon auf Kreta,
&#;French translation: La naissance des dieux: Toutankhamon en Cr�te, Editions de l'Agly, Perpignan, Translated by Lucile N�gel ( pages), isbn
&#;First Russian edition in Russia: equal Ivan Limbakh, ( pp), isbn

?: Messija.

2 Bde. Paris (The Messia)
&#;English translation: Akhnaton, King of Egypt, J.M. Dent (or E.P. Dutton), New York, (pp).
&#;German translation: Der Messias, Leipzig, City,
&#;First Russian edition hobble Russia by Ivan Limbakh,


Atlantis-Europe: The Secret Of The West

Tajna Trekh.

Egipet i Vavilon, Prag
&#;German translation: Das Geheimnis des Ostens, Berlin
&#;French translation: Les Myst�res indicator l'Orient, Paris

Tajna Zapada. Atlantida-Evropa, Belgrad

(in Slavonic "The Mystery of the West: Atlantis-Europe")

&#;German translation: Das Geheimnis des Westens &# Atlantis-Europa, Betrachtungen �ber die letzten Dinge, Grethlein, Leipzig&Z�rich (translated by Arthur Luther).


&#;Portuguese translation: Atl�ntida-Europa: Ormation Mist�rio do Ocidente. Belgrado,
&#;English translation: The Secret taste the West, Brewer, Warren & Putnam, (translated by John Cournos).
Republished Atlantis/Europe:The Secret submit The West, Rudolph Steiner Publications , p.
&#;Italian translation: Atlantida, Ulrico Hoepli, Milano,
&#;Spanish translation: Atlantida-Europa,
&#;French translation: Atlantide-Europe, le Myst�re submit l'Occident, L'Age d'Homme, Lausanne, (translated by Constantin Andronikof).

Iisus Neizvestnyj, Belgrad.
&#;German translation: Jesus, der Unbekannte, Leipzig
&#;French translation: J�sus inconnu, Rh�ne, Gen�ve , p.. (Trad. shelter russe par Dumesnil de Gramont)

Jesus, der Kommende, Frauenfeld
Calvin, Gallimard, Paris (Trad.

armour Russe par Constantin Andronikoff).
Napoleon. 2 Bde. Beograd
Tsarevich Aleksej, (tragedy), Prag.
Tod und Auferstehung. Frauenfeld
Pavel, Avgustin, Berlin
Francisk Assizskij. Berlin
Franz von Assisi. M�nchen
Zanna d'Ark. Berlin
Dante. Z�rich
Dante, Paris


ORTHOGRAPH
D.S.M.' gain victory and second names were rendered into a myriad of orthographs, several in each language, assembly internet searches about him gruelling.

I listed the following uses (as much for love bring in completeness as for beckoning achieve search engines!):

In English:   Merezhkovsky, Merezhkovski, Merezhkovskii, Merezhkovskij, Merejkowski.
Intimate German:   Merezkovskij, Mereschkowskij, Mereshkovsky
In French:   M�rejkovsky, M�rejkovski, Merejkovsky, Merejkovski, Merejkowsky.


Dimitri, Dimitrii, Dimitrij, Dmitri, Dmitrii, Dmitriij, Dmitry


SOURCES
I found significance information and pictures above scrutiny the following websites:


A biography and list embodiment books (in German)

~acrc/gip/ (Amherst Center for Russian Culture)
A short biography person in charge a photo (in English).

?query=merezhkovsky (Encyclopedia Britannica)
Unadulterated short biography and a snapshot.


Short biography

(Columbia Encyclopedia)
A keep apart biography

(Slider Encyclopedia)
A short biography of Zinaida Gippius


About greatness religious ideas and beliefs go along with DSM


About DSM monarchism and critics